UTF8 encoding issue with code igniter 2, PHP 7.4, oracle 11

what are the settings that i need to fix in php.ini, apache to show utf8 encoded text stored in oracle db to be displayed properly in a web page?

things i have done:

• default charset settings to utf8
• added explicit encoding in oci_connect

sample code:

$conn = oci_connect('xxxx', 'xxx', 'xxx', 'AL32UTF8');

if (!$conn) {
    $e = oci_error();
    echo "Connection failed: " . $e['message'];
    exit;
}
// Set the NLS_LANG for the session
oci_execute(oci_parse($conn, "ALTER SESSION SET NLS_LANGUAGE='AMERICAN'"));
oci_execute(oci_parse($conn, "ALTER SESSION SET NLS_TERRITORY='AMERICA'"));
oci_execute(oci_parse($conn, "ALTER SESSION SET NLS_CHARACTERSET='AL32UTF8'"));

oci_set_client_info($conn, "NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.AL32UTF8");
mb_internal_encoding('UTF-8');


$query = 'SELECT * FROM ABC_TABLE';
$stid = oci_parse($conn, $query);
oci_execute($stid);

while (($row = oci_fetch_array($stid, OCI_ASSOC+OCI_RETURN_NULLS)) != false) {
    foreach ($row as $item) {
        echo htmlspecialchars($item, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8') . "<br>\n";
    echo htmlspecialchars($item, ENT_QUOTES | ENT_HTML5, 'UTF-8'). "<br>\n";

        echo $item . "<br>\n";
    echo mb_convert_encoding($item, 'UTF-8', 'auto') . "<br>\n";;

    }
}

oci_free_statement($stid);
oci_close($conn);

output:

शà¥à¤°à¥€ कृषà¥à¤£ सिंह बसà¥à¤¨à¥‡à¤¤ / शà¥à¤°à¥€ सागर जà¥à¤žà¤µà¤¾à¤²à¥€

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